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The HIV Cure That Shocked Doctors Around The World

A 51-year-old man has become the seventh person declared free of HIV after receiving a stem cell transplant to treat leukemia, and his case is rewriting what scientists thought was necessary to cure the virus. Dr. Christian Gaebler at the Free University of Berlin explains that this breakthrough gives medical teams significantly more options for curing HIV, as the patient received stem cells without the HIV-resistant mutation that doctors previously believed was essential. Five earlier cures all involved donors carrying a mutation in both copies of the CCR5 gene, a protein HIV uses to infect immune cells, leading researchers to conclude this resistance was absolutely crucial for success.

The patient received his transplant in October 2015 and took antiretroviral therapy for about three years before choosing to stop medication, believing the transplant had worked. Remarkably, doctors found no signs of the virus in his blood, and he has now remained HIV-free for seven years and three months, the second-longest virus-free period among all seven cured patients. The discovery suggests that donor immune cells may cure HIV by destroying the recipient’s remaining original cells before the virus can spread, rather than simply resisting infection as scientists previously theorized. Dr. Ravindra Gupta at the University of Cambridge, who wasn’t involved in the study, confirms this upends our understanding of what’s required for curing HIV through stem cell transplants. While stem cell transplants remain too risky for people without cancer, efforts continue toward developing genetic editing of immune cells and vaccines, alongside new prevention drugs like lenacapavir that provide nearly complete protection with just two injections per year.

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