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4,500 Year Old Egyptian Sun Temple Discovered

An Italian Egyptian archaeological mission has finally excavated a temple for the worship of the sun after it was identified over 100 years ago by German Egyptologist Ludwig Borchardt, who first noted its presence in the Abusir necropolis near Abu Ghurab in 1901 but couldn’t dig because groundwater from the Nile prevented excavation. Massimiliano Nuzzolo and Rossana Perilli from the universities of Turin and Naples uncovered the structure’s original entrance buried under three feet of Nile river silt, revealing half of the total temple layout extending some 1,000 square meters. The temple dates to the reign of King Nyuserre, the sixth ruler of the Old Kingdom’s Fifth Dynasty who lived some 4,500 years ago and is credited with a reign of between 24 to 36 years. Mohamed Ismail Khaled, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, described the find as a milestone in the exploration of Egypt’s Fifth Dynasty, making it only one of two sun temples that have been definitively identified.

The excavation revealed the temple’s original floor, limestone pillar bases that would have held up the portico, and several granite doorframes still in their original positions exactly where they were placed thousands of years ago. A sloping ramp that likely led down to the Nile or one of its ancient branches was identified, along with the remains of an internal staircase leading to the roof. A wealth of artifacts inside revealed the temple’s activities including a board and wooden game pieces from the Egyptian pastime Senet, while pottery from several periods show how the temple fell out of religious use and became a dwelling by the Intermediate Period. The archaeologists will continue their work on the temple for the next few excavation seasons to try and establish what the religious functions might have been, piecing together the mysteries of how ancient Egyptians worshiped the sun.

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